一 | LONDON -- Hundreds of people were being evacuated from their homes and schools closed in parts of Scotland on Thursday, as much of northern Europe braced for stormy weather, heavy rain and gale-force winds from the east.The U.K.'s weather forecaster, the Met Office, issued a rare red alert — the highest level of weather warning — for parts of Scotland, predicting “exceptional rainfall” Thursday and Friday that is expected to cause extensive flooding and “danger to life from fast-flowing or deep floodwater.” The last red alert in the U.K. was issued in 2020.Forecasters say the storm, named Babet by U.K. officials, could bring more than a month’s worth of rain in the worst-affected regions in Scotland.Babet already brought flooding to several towns and villages in Ireland, with some areas remaining under water and without power Thursday. Soldiers helped with evacuation measures in the town of Midleton in County Cork, where more than 100 properties were flooded.In the town of Brechin, near Scotland's eastern coast, officials told residents of about 400 houses to evacuate to local rest centers. Local schools were closed and will remain shut on Friday.In Denmark, residents scrambled to place sandbags along exposed areas. In Assens on the central island of Funen, emergency services deployed huge rubber tubes in the harbor to counter rising water levels, broadcaster TV2 reported. Southern Denmark police urged people along the east coast to leave exposed areas if the weather predictions remain, saying cottages, harbors and other places could be flooded.TV2 reported that the region would likely see the worst flooding in 110 years, and the Danish Meteorological Institute said waves could reach 4 meters (13 feet) along east-facing coasts. The southeastern Danish town of Koege wrote on its Facebook page that emergency workers were busy filling sandbags and urged citizens to “avoid unnecessary baths, dishes, laundry and other water-intensive activities,” saying “the municipality’s treatment plant was at risk of being overloaded.”Police in the area warned that roads may be blocked, urged people to secure valuables and advised against sleeping on their boats in the harbors, saying that "if something happens, emergency services cannot get to them,” police spokesperson Brian Bang-Rasmussen said.Copenhagen's airport and the Danish national rail company warned of cancellations and delays Friday because of bad weather. Several ferry lines between Danish islands were suspended, as were ferries to Rostock in northern Germany and to Oslo.Swedish meteorologists also issued a warning for the south coast from Friday evening and Saturday. They said that the water level in southern parts of Sweden may reach its highest level since the 1990s.In Germany, authorities warned of high water in bays in Schleswig-Holstein, south of the Denmark border, until mid-Saturday.Authorities also warned of high water in the next two days on the Baltic Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany’s northernmost state, with water levels of up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) above average possible in the inlet where the city of Flensburg is located. Some ferries to the North Sea islands of Foehr and Amrum were delayed or canceled, German news agency dpa reported.Norwegian meteorologists said a strong low-pressure area over Great Britain combined with high pressure over northern Scandinavia was creating strong east-northeasterly winds, with ”very strong gusts" expected to hit southern Norway from the east.___Olsen reported from Copenhagen, Denmark.___This story corrects that the town of Koege is in southeastern, not southwestern, Denmark.。据《北京时间》1月9日报道，第一批登上火星的宇航员面临的最大障碍之一是缺水。人们需要水来喝，农作物需要水来生长，甚至制造火箭燃料返回地球。因此，缺乏可用的液态水是人类登陆火星的主要障碍。但是火星上有很多冰。美国宇航局的一项新研究表明，我们可以在冰上钻孔，以获得足够的水来维持火星上的人类生命。
二 | 去年，在火星表面下发现了冰川，这一重大发现为第一批宇航员登陆火星提供了“取之不尽，用之不竭”的水。研究人员说，在火星上的8个地方发现了地下冰川，有些位于地表以下几英尺（1米）的深处，还有一些位于地表以下100米或更深处。研究人员分析了火星勘测轨道飞行器收集的数据，发现地下冰川的成分“几乎是纯冰”。
三 | 美国宇航局的一项研究模拟了钻冰和融化冰从冰川中取水的过程。德克萨斯州航空航天公司（Aerospace Corporation）的高级执行官斯蒂芬霍夫曼（Stephen Hoffman）领导的研究人员说：“火星表面曾经有很多水，但现在人们一致认为火星表面非常干燥。几项研究表明，火星的许多地方都有丰富的水资源，包括那些被认为是人类在火星上登陆的替代着陆点的地方。如果这些水资源可以用于载人登陆火星，那么执行这些任务的方式将发生巨大变化。研究小组考虑使用一个名为罗德井的水库，这个水库是在20世纪60年代发明的，并被用于在偏远地区提供水源，例如阿蒙森-斯科特南极勘测站。
四 | 研究小组写道：“对现有的从地下冰川中提取水的技术进行评估，我们发现了一种可以从火星中提取水的技术：在火星冰川覆盖的表面上钻孔，加热冰以形成地下水库。”罗德井的原理是从表面钻孔，钻孔进入冰中，通过融化冰形成一个水库，然后从水库中提取水。通过不断加热储液罐，可以获得稳定的液态水。在火星上，一口罗德井一天能产生380升的水。这相当于美国人每天人均用水量，但大约是国际空间站宇航员用水量的10倍。研究人员说，火星探测器可以改装成具有钻井能力。根据最近在《科学》杂志上发表的一篇文章，尽管冰在火星上早已为人所知，但更好地了解冰的深度和分布对于未来载人登陆火星至关重要。亚利桑那大学月球和行星实验室的研究员肖恩·伯恩说：“水对任何地方的人来说都是必不可少的，随身携带是非常不方便的。
五 | ”“以前，我们设想在火星上获取水的方法是从空气或岩石中获取水，”伯恩说。现在，我们想象从火星表面以下的冰中获取水。不需要高科技的解决方案，只要一桶水就够了。水源靠近火星上的人类登陆点，而不是极地。火星南半球和北半球有地下冰川，纬度在55到58度之间。研究人员认为，这些冰川形成相对较晚，因为其表面相对平坦，没有受到其他天体撞击形成的撞击坑。冰川靠近极地地区，火星上的冬天非常寒冷，不适合人类长期生存。
六 | 但是，如果能在这些冰川上钻一口井，研究人员将对火星气候的演变和生命的可能性有一个很好的了解。
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